Tran, Thanh V. and Thang D. Nguyen "Gender and satisfaction with the host society among Indochinese refugees" International Migration Review 28(2) 1994: 323-337.

Data from a 1982 national survey of economic self-sufficiency among 1,384 Indochinese refugees ages 17-73 are used to examine gender differences in satisfaction with the host society in terms of satisfaction with housing, neighborhood, and life. Regression analysis revealed that for men: (1) satisfaction with housing was influenced by age on arrival in the US and financial problems; and (2) satisfaction with life was influenced by age on arrival, employment, lack of healthcare, financial problems, and English language ability. For women, slightly different results were obtained: (1) satisfaction with housing was influenced by urban background in country of origin and length of residence in the US; (2) satisfaction with neighborhood was influenced by financial problems, education in country of origin, and ethnicity; and (3) satisfaction with life had no statistically significant relationship with selected independent variables. Gender and age had significant interaction effects on all satisfaction dimensions.(Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Tran, Thanh and Roosevelt Wright Jr. and Charles H. Mindel. "Alienation among Vietnamese refugees in the United States: a causal approach" Journal of Social Service Research 11 (1) 1987: 59-75.

A causal model of alienation was developed and tested among a probability sample of Vietnamese refugees (N = 180) in Okla. and Tex, who responded to a questionnaire in 1985) using path analysis. The findings indicate that marital status, social support, social interaction anxiety, self-identity, and length of time in the US directly predicted feelings of alienation. The social support variable, however, was the most important predictor. Background variables had almost no notable direct effects on alienation. (Copyright 1989, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Tran, Thanh V. "Sponsorship and Employment Status among Indochinese Refugees in the United States" International Migration Review 25(3) 1991: 536-550.

National survey data collected by the Office of Refugee Resettlement on a sample of 1,960 Chinese-Vietnamese, Lowland Laotian, and Vietnamese refugees, ages 18-64, who arrived in the US 1978-1982, are used to examine the relationship between types of sponsorship and employment status. Logistic regression analysis reveals that refugees who were sponsored by voluntary agencies were more likely to be employed than those who were sponsored by relatives. Health, education, urban residence in the original country, English proficiency, length of residence in the US, and age were also strong predictors of employment status. No significant relationship between ethnic groups and types of sponsorship was found. It is concluded that an ideal refugee resettlement policy would require local resettlement agencies to work closely with ethnic relative sponsors to find jobs for newcomer refugees. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Tran, Thanh V. "Sex differences in English language acculturation and learning strategies among Vietnamese adults aged 40 and over in the United States" Sex Roles 19(11-12) 1988: 747-758.

Gender differences in the English language acculturation of older Vietnamese refugees in the US are explored using data from a sample of 327 adults aged 40-92 who participated in the Southeast Asian Refugee Self-Sufficient Study in 1982. Results indicate statistically significant variations between males and females in both degree of English skills and participation in learning strategies designed to improve them (e.g., English as a second language classes). It is hypothesized that inherited cultural gender differences in traditional Vietnamese society may be responsible for these findings. (Copyright 1989, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Troper, Harold. "Canada's immigration policy since 1945" International Journal 48(2): 1993: 255-281.

Since the end of World War 2, Canada's population has more than doubled, from less than thirteen million to more than twenty-six million in 1992. Immigrants and their offspring account for much of that growth. Equally important, the ethno-cultural composition of Canada's population has been recast. Since 1970, the proportion of non-charter group members - those of non-British and non-French origin - has increased dramatically. In the economic hard times of the early 1990s, the national mood on immigration seemed to be hardening. Ottawa tightened up on admissions of refugee claimants and family of those in Canada while promising more immigration by those with the needed skills or investment capital. (Copyright 1993, Sociological Abstracts, all rights reserved).

Tsui, Alice M. and Morgan T. Sammons. "Group intervention with adolescent Vietnamese refugees" Journalfor Specialists in Group Work 13(2) 1988: 90-95.

A model for group intervention with adolescent Vietnamese refugees that focuses on adjustment difficulties and psychological disturbance is proposed based on the primary prevention schemes developed by T. C. Owan ("Southeast Asian Mental Health: Transition from Treatment Services to Prevention-A New Direction" in Southeast Asian Mental Health: Treatment, Prevention, Services, Training and Research, Owan, T C. [Ed], Washington, DC: National Institute of Mental Health, 1985). In this group model, members are culturally similar and facilitators may or may not be of the same cultural identity as members. Group members who are more acculturated act as peer counselors; thus, the model serves as a structural extension of processes already occurring among refugee children. Assertiveness training, social skills practice, and sex education are included in an educational component. (Copyright 1988, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Van der Meeren, Rachel. "Three decades in exile: Rwandan refugees 1960-1990" Journal of Refugee Studies 9(3) 1996: 252-267.

Around 100,000 Tutsi became refugees in Tanganyika, Uganda, Burundi, and the Congo in the pre-independence Hutu revolution in Rwanda in 1960. The background of this exodus is outlined, and the experiences of the refugees, 1960-1990, are examined. Emphasis is on Tanzania, where refugee settlement was the most successful; initial problems and eventual self-sufficiency and integration are examined. A comparison is provided of how refugees became involved in and scapegoats of ethnic conflicts in the Congo and Uganda, eventually leading to the refugee military invasion of Rwanda from Uganda in 1990. Civil war lasted 1990 to 1994, ending in the genocide of Tutsi who had remained in Rwanda together with moderate Hutu. The effect of the Tutsi army's selective genocide of Hutu in Burundi, sabotaging all efforts at democratic reform, has had a significant impact on Rwandan ethnic polarization, just as Rwanda's revolution in 1959/60 instilled fear of Hutu majority rule in Burundian Tutsi. (Copyright

1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Walter, Ingrid. "One year after arrival: the adjustment of Indo-Chinese women in the US (1979-1980)" International Migration 19(1/2) 1981.

Weiermair, K. "Economic adjustment of refugees in Canada: a case study" International Migration 9(1-2) 197 1.

Williamson, Louise. "A safe haven? the development of British policy concerning unaccompanied refugee children 1933-93". Immigrants and Minorities 14 (1) 1995: 47-66.

Since the late 1930s, the British government has facilitated the arrival of varying numbers of unaccompanied refugee children through special arrangements with Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Recently, however, specific steps have been taken to prevent unaccompanied children, as well as adult asylum-seekers, arriving in Britain. Little has been done to recognize children's particular needs in the refugee-determination process. In the same period, children's settlement changed from being the sole responsibility of NGOs to being shared, with NGOs providing government-funded services. Latterly, refugee settlement has been largely the statutory responsibility of local authorities; asylum-seekers, including vulnerable children, have to compete with the indigenous population for resources. (Copyright American Economic Association 1997; all rights reserved.)

Winland, Daphne N. "Christianity and community: conversion and adaptation among Hmong refugee women" Canadian Journal of Sociology 19(l) 1994: 21-45.

Data obtained via participant observation and interviews, 1985-1989, are drawn on to examine the role of Christian conversion on the early adjustment experience of 43 Laotian Hmong refugee women in Ontario. It is demonstrated that this transition from a traditionally animist and preliterate past did not result in the wholesale abandonment of Hmong practices and beliefs, but rather in a dynamic relationship of custom and innovation. Women in particular turned to the Hmong Christian church (Mennonite) as a resource for empowerment, but also to maintain key Hmong social practices and values. The church proved to be a valuable resource in helping these refugee women cope more effectively with the constraints of gender and minority status. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Winland, Daphne N. "The role of religious affiliation in refugee resettlement: the case of the Hmong" Canadian Ethnic Studies 24(l) 1992: 96-119.

Investigates religious conversion among Hmong refugees from Laos in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, since their arrival in the late 1970s. Fieldwork data are drawn on to describe how this traditionally animist and preliterate people have been converting to the Mennonite faith. This has been less a result of wanting to please their hosts (i.e., the "rice-bowl Christian" phenomenon noted originally in Southeast Asia) as of the complex transformations in Hmong symbolic and meaning systems, social structure, and group identity. The impact of conversion to Christianity on the dynamics of group leadership, social status, and indigenous belief systems is detailed. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Woods, Devon H. and M. Moore. "Bilingual education and programs for immigrant/refugee children: a review of the literature" Carleton Papers in Applied Language Studies 1988, 5, 1-35.

Wooden, Mark. "The experience of refugees in the Australian labor market" International Migration Review 25(3) 1991: 514-535.

Population survey data are used to analyze employment success among persons, ages 18+, born overseas and arriving in Australia after 1960 (N = 8,585). Econometric analyses indicate that, after controlling for such factors as age, gender, education, and premigration employment history, new refugee arrivals have employed probabilities close to 20% lower than otherwise comparable nonrefugees. The differential narrows for males over time but is never eliminated. It is suggested that relatively poor English-language skills, rather than ethnic discrimination, are responsible for the persistent gap. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Woon, Yuen Fong. "Indo-Chinese refugee sponsorship: the case of Victoria, 1979-1980" Canadian Ethnic Studies 16(l) 1984: 58-77.

In-depth interviews of Indo-Chinese sponsorship group leaders (N=25) in Victoria, British Columbia, indicate that a majority came from former refugee and immigrant families and now subscribe to multicultural ideals. Because of their background, despite the cultural gap, many were tolerant of and sympathetic to the refugees arriving in 1979/80. Though they tended to be possessive, many derived intrinsic satisfaction from being instrumentally helpful. They found private sponsorship a mind-widening experience. However, discouraged by some refugees who tried to milk the system and having to answer to congregations with mixed reactions to the sponsorship program, many leaders affiliated with religious groups were reluctant to respond. (Copyright 1985, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Woon, Yuen Fong. "Some adjustment aspects of Vietnamese and Sino-Vietnamese families in Victoria, Canada" Journal of Comparative Family Studies 17(3) 1986: 349-370.

Factors influencing the adjustment of Vietnamese and Sino-Vietnamese in Victoria, British Columbia, were investigated in in-depth interviews with adult members of these families (N=50 families) representing various ethnic and socioeconomic categories. Results suggest several hypotheses concerning the adjustment of refugee or immigrant families to the host community. The need and willingness to adjust may be related to the similarities or differences between the family norms of the host society and the family norms of the home country, the degree of emotional attachment to the homeland and previous exposure to the language and values of the host country. Conflict within the family occurs when some members adjust better than others and when economic circumstances in the host society prevent the maintenance of former family patterns. (Copyright 1987, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Wright, Robert G. "Voluntary agencies and the resettlement of refugees" International Migration Review 15(l) 198-211.

In almost all countries in the world that offer permanent resettlement to refugees, resettlement is accomplished through some combination of the efforts of government and voluntary agencies. This article identifies the elements of resettlement and the various distributions of responsibility for its accomplishment. By focusing on the Southeast Asian refugee movement to the United States, current and evolving relationships among government and voluntary agencies are illustrated. (from author's abstract)

Yau, Maria. "Refugee students in Toronto schools" Refuge 15(5) 1996: 9-16.

Yee, Barbara W. K. "Elders in Southeast Asian refugee families" Generations 16(3) 1992: 24-27.

Secondary research reveals that elderly Southeast Asian refugees in the US are in situations very different from their expectations. Although most have relatives in the US, they lack the extended families they would have had in their homelands. They face different definitions of aging, isolation caused by language barriers and the Americanization of children and grandchildren, downward mobility (particularly for men), and altered gender roles. In many homelands, older people provide land and material support to their families, while in the US they can often offer only child care and do not receive the level of respect they expect. Elderly living with their families are generally better off than those in other situations. Young elderly women are more integrated into their families due to the necessary tasks they perform, but as they age, they are often isolated. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Young, Marta. "Acculturation, identity and well-being: adjustment of Somalian refugees" Sante mentale au Quebec 21(l) 1996: 271-290.

An examination of the relationship between acculturation and psychological adjustment of 94 Somalian refugee women ages 18-50 living in Ottawa-Carleton, Ontario, focuses on questions of ethnic identity and well-being. Respondents, with an average length of residence of four years, were found to prefer integration in Canadian society. Refugees with longer residence, and stronger self-identification as Canadians, reported more anti-Somali sentiments. Younger Somali women showed higher levels of depression. Dissatisfied with their expatriate life, refugees in Canada with political asylum indicated a desire to return to Somalia. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Zetter, Roger. "Incorporation and exclusion: the life cycle of Malawi's refugee assistance program" World Development 23(10) 1995: 1653-67.

The dynamics of institutional relationships in assistance provision to 1.2 million Mozambican refugees in Malawi are examined. Three phases are identified. An innovative model of assistance delivery, integrating refugees and hosts in a development-oriented program, was established in the early phases. This avoided the "parallel" structures of orthodox relief operations. Within the context of its political economy, the Government of Malawi successfully mediated competing interests. Incrementally, the host government lost autonomy; this is explained in terms of pressures to internationalize and diversify the program and the adoption of a conventional relief model focusing only on refugees and emergency assistance. With extensive repatriation the program is winding down. The lessons learned are discussed. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Ziegler, E. Refugee Movements and Policy in Canada. Canadian Review of Demography and its Implications for Social Policy, 1988.

"The intent of this report is to give an overview of refugee movements to Canada and the development of a refugee policy from the late 18th century up to the present" The author notes that 'economic considerations remained the principal elements underlying immigration and refugee policy' He also extensively explores the proposed new system of determining claims for Convention refugee status. (adapted from Shiel and Beaujot, 1996)

Zima, Suellen. "Forty-two Ethiopian boys: observations of their first year in Israel" Social Work 32(4) 1992: 359-360.

Technological and cultural adjustment, health, and mental health-including depression, racial problems, and differences in group dynamics-of young M Jewish-Ethiopian immigrants to Israel (N = 42, aged 13-15) are evaluated based on observational data; Ss arrived without parents from Sudanese refugee camps, and were placed in a religious boarding school. Having lived in isolated rural villages, they were catapulted into a highly developed technological world with a different structure and culture. Rapid acculturation was demanded of them as they struggled to deal with lingering malaria, intestinal parasites and infections, hours studying Hebrew daily, and integration with 100 native-born Israeli boys at the school. Both the Israelis and Ethiopians were totally inexperienced in black/white relationships. Cultural differences in temperament, fighting techniques, and group dynamics, combined with a language gap, exacerbated the tensions between them. (Copyright 1988, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)